Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually at fiscal year-end, or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. The Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances would indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The result of the analysis performed as of September 30, 2024, did not indicate an impairment of goodwill. During the nine months ended June 30, 2025, there were no triggering events that indicate potential impairment exists. The Company’s next annual test for goodwill impairment will be performed as of June 30, 2025 and will include an analysis of the value of goodwill of each reportable segment: (1) Clearfield; and (2) Nestor Cables.

The Company capitalizes legal costs incurred to obtain patents. Once accepted by either the United States Patent and Trademark Office or the equivalent office of a foreign country, these legal costs are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining estimated lives, not exceeding 20 years. As of June 30, 2025, the Company has 62 patents granted and multiple pending applications both inside and outside the United States.

In addition, the Company has various finite lived intangible assets, most of which were acquired as a result of the acquisition of the active cabinet product line from Calix, Inc. during fiscal year 2018 and the acquisition of Nestor Cables in fiscal year 2022. The Company analyzes its intangible assets for impairment annually or at interim periods when events occur or changes in circumstances indicate potential impairment. The result of the analysis performed as of September 30, 2024, did not indicate an impairment of our intangible assets. During the nine months ended June 30, 2025, there were no triggering events that indicate potential impairment exists.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024 were as follows:

Finite life intangible assets as of June 30, 2025, are as follows:

Finite life intangible assets as of September 30, 2024, are as follows:

Amortization expense related to these assets was $1,742,000 and $1,089,000 for the nine months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense for identifiable intangibles during the next five years is as follows: